Hyperloop

HYPERLOOP: A Hyperloop is a proposed high-speed transportation system for both passenger and freight transport.[1] The term was coined by Elon Musk to describe the modern open-source project originally conceived in the 1900s.[2] Hyperloop is described as a big vacuum sealed tube or a system of connected vacuum sealed tubes having very low air pressure through which a pod may travel substantially free of air resistance or friction.[3] Proposed hyperloop designs employ three essential components: tubes, pods, and terminals.[1] Here, a tube is a large sealed, low-pressure system. A pressurized coach (at atmospheric pressure) runs inside this controlled low-pressure environment (which is usually a long tunnel). A coach is often called a pod. The pod may use aerodynamic or magnetic propulsion to glide along a fixed guideway, with terminals handling pod arrivals and departures.[1] The hyperloop has its roots in a concept by George Medhurst in 1799 and subsequently developed under the names pneumatic railway, atmospheric railway or vactrain.[4] Elon Musk renewed interest in hyperloop after mentioning it in a 2012 speaking event.[5] Musk further promoted the concept by publishing a white paper in August 2013, which conceived of a hyperloop route running from the Los Angeles region to the San Francisco Bay Area, roughly following the Interstate 5 corridor.[6] His initial concept incorporated reduced-pressure tubes in which pressurized capsules ride on air bearings driven by linear induction motors and axial compressors.[7] Transportation analysts challenged the cost estimates included in the white paper, with some predictions that a realized hyperloop would be several billion dollars over budget.[8][9][10] The hyperloop concept has been "open-sourced" by Musk and SpaceX, and other companies or organizations have been encouraged to freely advance the technology, preferably in collaborations.[11] TUM Hyperloop set the hyperloop speed record of 463 km/h (288 mph) in July 2019[12][13] at the pod design competition hosted by SpaceX in Hawthorne, California.[14] Virgin Hyperloop conducted the first human trial in November 2020 at its test site in Las Vegas, reaching a top speed of 172 km/h (107 mph).[15]